ECE 303: September 2011

There are various ways to measure or detect the amplitude (as opposed to the power) of a waveform. Here we'll consider one of the simplest, used by most portable radios, etc, the Envelope Detector.

This is essentially just a halfwave rectifier which charges a capacitor to a voltage

to the peak voltage of the incoming AM waveform,

. When the input wave's amplitude increases, the capacitor voltage is increased via the rectifying diode. When the input's amplitude falls, the capacitor voltage is reduced by being discharged by a ‘bleed’ resistor, R. The main advantage of this form of AM Demodulator is that it is very simple and cheap! Just one diode, one capacitor, and one resistor. That's why it is used so often. However, it does suffer from some practical problems.

The circuit relies upon the behaviour of the diode — allowing current through when the input is +ve with respect to the capacitor voltage, hence ‘topping up’ the capacitor voltage to the peak level, but blocking any current from flowing back out through the diode when the input voltage is below the capacitor voltage. Unfortunately, all real diodes are non-linear. The current they pass varies with the applied voltage. As a result, the demodulated output is slightly distorted in a way which depends upon the diode's I/V characteristic. For example, most AM transistor radios produce output signals (music, Radio 4, etc) with about 5-10% distortion. OK for casual listening, but hardly Hi-Fi! As a result, this simple type of AM demodulator isn't any good if we want the recovered waveform to be an accurate representation of the original modulating waveform. The circuit also suffers from the problems known as Ripple and Negative Peak Clipping. These effects are illustrated in figure 9.3. The ripple effect happens because the capacitor will be discharged a small amount in between successive peaks of the input AM wave.

The illustration shows what happens in the worst possible situation where the modulating signal is a squarewave whose frequency isn't much lower than the carrier frequency. Similar, but less severe, problems can arise with other modulating signals.

Consider what happens when we have a carrier frequency,

, and use an envelope detector whose time constant,

. The time between successive peaks of the carrier will be

Each peak will charge the capacitor to some voltage,

, which is proportional to the modulated amplitude of the AM wave. Between each peak and the next the capacitor voltage will therefore be discharged to

which, provided that

, is approximately the same as

The peak-to-peak size of the ripple,

, will therefore be

A sudden, large reduction in the amplitude of the input AM wave means that capacitor charge isn't being ‘topped up’ by each cycle peak. The capacitor voltage therefore falls exponentially until it reaches the new, smaller, peak value. To assess this effect, consider what happens when the AM wave's amplitude suddenly reduces from

to a much smaller value. The capacitor voltage then declines according to

This produces the negative peak clipping effect where any swift reductions in the AM wave's amplitude are ‘rounded off’ and the output is distorted. Here we've chosen the worst possible case of squarewave modulation. In practice the modulating signal is normally restricted to a specific frequency range. This limits the maximum rate of fall of the AM wave's amplitude. We can therefore hope to avoid negative peak clipping by arranging that the detector's time constant

where

and

is the highest modulation frequency used in a given situation.

The above implies that we can avoid negative peak clipping by choosing a small value of